英语被动语态的用法指导
一、注意哪些动词不用于被动语态
1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。
因为不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有主语,故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是,有些英语中的不及物动词,译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的,很容易出错,这类动词如:take place(发生),happen(发生),)come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续),arise(出现,发生)等:Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。
2. 英语中的静态动词(如have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动语态:My shoes don’t fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。< experience. lacks>
二、注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型,它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。
如:People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。It’s believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现,一类是“it be 过去分词 that“it be 从句”,另一类则是“主语 be 过去分词 不定式”(其中的“主语”为前一类句型中that从句中的主语ace=宋体>为前一类句型中),通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand等,比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化):It’s known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。It’s reported that he was driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 据说他当时车开得很快。
三、注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be 过去分词”,其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。
如:She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。(现在进行时)They have been given a warning.
他们受到警告。(现在完成时)
四、注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词 be(或be的适当形式) 过去分词”。
这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如:The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldn’t have been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。
五、注意非谓语动词的被动语态
1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be 过去分词”构成。
如:She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。
2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been 过去分词”构成。如:I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。
3. 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being 过去分词”构成。如:I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护,他感到很安全。
4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been 过去分词”构成。如:Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备。因为邀请我去讲话,我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it. 话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去。
5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being 过去分词”构成。如:She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。
6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been 过去分词”构成。如:Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后,我开始信心十足了。注:过去分词没有被动式,因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如:The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。
六、注意“get 过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词be 过去分词”构成,有时也可用“get 过去分词”过去分词构成。
如:James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get opened? 那个窗是如何打开的?但总的说来,用get构成的被动语态不如用be构成的被动语态常见,尤其是在含有施动者的by短语时,用get构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用be 过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时,人们可能会选get 过去分词来避免这种误解:The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了(表动作)The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)
七、注意主动表被动的若干情形
1. 某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。如:That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证实是错的。我的意见证实是错的。2. 当open, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如:The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。The window won’t lock. 这窗户锁不住。注:该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用,注意它与用被动语态含义不同:The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。(说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了)The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。(窗户本身没问题,只是不用关上)3. 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如:The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。His book doesn’t sell well. 他的书不好销。This shirt will wear very long. 这衬衫可以穿很久。The parcel carries easily. 包裹容易搬运。注:该用法通常与well, easily, slowly, quicklywell, easily, slowly, quickly等副词连用,并且在用于以上意思时通常不宜直接使用被动语态形式,如下面这道高考题答案是A,而不是C:Books of this kind _____ well. (1999年上海卷)A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold4.
初中英语被动语态知识
一、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be 过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:
1) am/is/are done (过去分词) 一般现在时
例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
例:A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done 一般过去时
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 过去完成时
例: By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
例:A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
例:The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)
例:The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为:情态动词 be 过去分词。
例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的`一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词 宾语 宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词 介词”,“动词 副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态
v. ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。
例I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
例: My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
例:The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. (一个主语就够了)
三、 It is said that 从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It be 过去分词 that从句”或“主语 be 过去分词 to do sth.”。
有:
It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议。
例:It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. (=The boy is said to have passed the national exam. )
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
例: This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较:The door won't lock. (指门本身有毛病)
The door won't be locked. (指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因)
2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
例: How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
例Your reason sounds reasonable
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need,want,require, bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
例:The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例:The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
例: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)
试比较:I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4.在某些“形容词 不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。
这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。
例:This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5. 在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
例:This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。
例:There is no time to lose(to be lost).(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确。)
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例: Who is to blame for starting the fire?
常用时态的被动语态知识点
由“助动词be 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。
(1) 一般现在时:am/is/are 过去分词。如:
Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。
(2) 一般过去时:was/were 过去分词。如:
The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。
(3) 现在进行时:am/is/are being 过去分词。如:
The project is being carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。
(4) 过去进行时:was/were/being 过去分词。如:
This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。
(5) 一般将来时:will be 过去分词。如:
The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。
(6) 过去将来时:would be 过去分词。如:
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这个工程在年底前将会完成。
(7) 现在完成时:have/has been 过去分词。如:
This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
(8) 过去完在时:had been 过去分词。如:
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时,发现票已卖完了。